Coloured migration within the Cape region at the beginning of the 21st century.
Simon Bekker and Josef Cramer
University of Stellenbosch
June 2001

(BEKKER S and J CRAMER 2003 ‘Coloured migration in the Cape region at the beginning of the 21st century’ Acta Academica Supplementum 1 -Spatialities of South African urban change: perspectives on post-apartheid urban problems and challenges at the beginning of the twenty-first century: 105-129)

Introduction

During the twentieth century, the port of Cape Town transformed itself from a town of some 150 000 to a city of 3 million. Before this period, different cultural traits of in-migrating and resident groups had mixed and produced new syncretic features that were passed on to the next generation. In the second half of this century, however, state policies imposed separation and unequal access to state resources among groups within this population. Accordingly, the identities of coloured, black and white – imposed as they have been by the state from above – could not but continue to carry meaning in the lives of Cape Town’s residents and of those living in its hinterlands. Though rarely the primary identities of residents, these labels are widely acknowledged to be both shared and meaningful.

Coloureds have made up the majority of the population in the city as well as throughout the Cape region during the twentieth century. This region defined here as comprising the Districts of the Western Cape together with two southern Districts of the Northern Cape, represents the primary sending area from which Coloured migration into Cape Town has taken place. A second hinterland within which Cape Town summons residents to migrate through promises of a better life is the Eastern Cape. This hinterland has emerged as a major sending area more recently. The majority of in-migrants are black and state restrictions on their mobility into the Western Cape and into Cape Town were only lifted late in the twentieth century. The purpose of this paper is to establish at the beginning of the twenty-first century the nature of Coloured migration streams within the Cape region. 

Little attention has recently been paid to migration in this region. In the Western Cape in particular, almost all research on migration and urbanisation which has been concluded over the past twenty years concentrated on black households. This exclusive focus is recognised by Mabin who noted the ‘extremely limited research on the migration of households and communities classified coloured and Indian’. There is accordingly little information available to assess changes in the processes of migration and urbanisation that characterised the Coloured population of this region in the 1970s and earlier. Two characteristics prominent at that time will be singled out. The first refers to the step-wise gravity flow process of migration directed at the city of Cape Town; the second to the persistence of a significant rural Coloured population in the region. 

Sociologists at the University of Stellenbosch proposed that Coloured urbanisation in the 1970s followed ‘a staged pattern of migration’. 
‘… (T)he rate of rural-urban in-migration has accelerated significantly over time …Coloured urbanisation at this stage (1960-80) consisted of a movement from farm to both town and city. The migration pattern of Coloureds has thus far been largely in the direction of the larger urban centres by means of a movement from farm to town, to larger towns, to metropolitan areas.’

Writing in 1976, Lemon (1976: 124) argued
‘…the rural Coloured population has remained large in the twentieth century. There are several reasons for this. The extension of European fruit and vegetable growing, wine production and mixed farming has provided employment… Agricultural production in the winter rainfall area of the Cape also demands much seasonal labour… The relatively slow provision of low rent housing for Coloureds in urban areas, with resultant squatting and overcrowding, has also deterred more rapid urbanisation.’
In 1977, the SA Institute of Race Relations reported that some 200 000 people were living in informal shacks in Cape Town. This group represented 14% of the city’s population and comprised some eighty percent Coloured and twenty percent black residents. 

This paper will pay particular attention to the contemporary nature of urbanisation among Coloureds in the Cape region. In addition, particular groups within the Coloured population who appear most at risk of poverty will be identified and these characteristics discussed. A short, largely quantitative demographic history of the Coloured population in South Africa will introduce a geographic and socio-economic profile of the Cape region. Subsequently, the nature of Coloured migration within this region will be identified and described, with particular attention to urbanisation and marginalised sub-groups. The paper will close with preliminary explanations for these migration profiles.

Some aspects of Coloured demography during the twentieth century.

While remaining marginally below the ten percent proportion of the total South African population, the Coloured population grew rapidly over the past one hundred years, from an initial figure of less than 500 000 to close to 4 million at the century’s close. A large majority of this population has continued to live in the south-west of South Africa, in the Western and Northern Cape provinces in particular. (Table 1 in Appendix 1). This population has urbanised progressively during the period (Table 2). Regarding the Coloured population currently resident in the Western Cape, the proportion living in urban areas is 85%.

Before turning to the Cape region and to migration flows within this region, it is appropriate to place the above trends within the context of demographic transition of the Coloured population. The theory of demographic transition states that ‘societies that experience modernisation progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern one in which both are low’. Since a decline in mortality has preceded a decline in fertility in all developing countries during the twentieth century, population growth accelerates during this process before reaching a point of transition and then declines. According to the Theron Commission Report, the Coloured population reached this point of demographic transition in the mid-1960s. Since that decade, Coloured fertility rates have dropped dramatically, from 6,5 in 1960 to 2,5 in 1995, confirming the fact that transition in this population is advanced and accordingly that population growth has declined substantially during the past thirty years.

The Cape Region

A biophysical overview.

This region comprises three major landscapes -
•	the plains of the Great Karoo which stretch far beyond the boundaries of the Western Cape province into the Northern Cape and which are liable to desertification,
•	the mountain-valley landscapes which run broadly parallel to the coastline and produce much of the Western Cape province’s annual rain, and
•	the coastal plain which skirts this province between the coastline and the uplands and mountains.
Using this simple classification into landscapes, it is useful to identify three areas within which settlement and economic activity have varied widely - within which the development of towns and cities together with their associated economies have had very different histories

The first area may be called
The Arid Interior, and Arid Coastal Plains of the West Coast and Namaqualand
It covers a vast area - roughly 65% of the region - and is home to about 300 000 people, or 7% of the region’s population. Economies in this region are sectorally narrow and stagnant; populations are scattered, services are rudimentary; and settlements are small and widely-spaced.

The second area may be called
The Moist Grainlands and Fishing Rimland
These are situated on the seaward side of the Cape Fold Belt mountains on the coastal plain. They comprise about 20% of the region, largely the Swartland and the Overberg, and are inhabited by about 12% of the region’s population. The majority of some 500 000 inhabitants are dependent on rain-fed wheat, barley, rye and related small stock farming, and fishing.

The third area may be called
The Wet Mountain- and Valleylands and Outeniqualand
This region comprises three areas associated with the mountains of the Cape Fold Belt. Collectively, they cover about 15% of the province and are home to over 3,3 million people or 81% of the region’s population. 

Most of these residents are urban dwellers and live on one percent of the surface of the region in the Cape Metropolitan Area, associated as it is with the Peninsula mountains. The remaining two densely settled areas are the Boland and Outeniqua. The Boland, covering about 11% of the area of the region, occupies the headwater reaches of the the Berg, Breede/Sonderend rivers, and the upper Olifants river region. It is home to about 500 000 people, or 12% of the  province’s population. Outeniqua occupies a relatively small area, 3% of the region, and is inhabited by about 6% of province’s population, about 230 000 people. 

A demographic and socio-economic overview.

Table 3 below depicts a condensed demographic and socio-economic profile of Coloured groups in the ten districts which make up the region. Districts and their features are ranked in terms of their biophysical class, beginning with Cape Town and other Wet Mountain and Valleyland districts. Subsequently, two districts are classified as Moist Grainlands and the four remaining as Arid. Each district is also classified in terms of its major agricultural activities. Other than in the Cape Town metropolitan area, agriculture plays an important role in all districts as is shown by the high proportion of primary sector activities in all districts other than in the metropolitan area (Table 4 in Appendix 1).

A number of relevant trends may be inferred from Table 3. As already noted, population size decreases as districts move from Wet to Moist and subsequently to Arid classes. This decrease in population size coincides with changes in agricultural practices where intensive activities under irrigation make way for rain-fed and extensive activities. 

The Coloured population makes up the large majority of the total population in all districts other than Cape Town and the Southern Cape. Both these exceptional districts offer residence to large urban populations which are diverse in terms of their ethnic backgrounds. Coloured populations in all (but one) district are highly urbanised. Namaqualand, an arid district with a small population, comprises scattered rural households engaged in stock farming. Accordingly, this district also reflects exceptionally high rural unemployment rates - in all other districts rural residents reside overwhelmingly on commercial farms which offer employment to (at least) adult males. Urban unemployment rates are high in all districts and increase significantly in the more arid areas of the region.

Table 3
A demographic and socio-economic profile of the Coloured population of the Cape Region.
By District, 1996

	Total Population
1996
	Total Coloured Population	% Coloured population	Total Coloured Urban 	% Urban Coloured 	Unemply rate Coloured Urban	Unemply rate Coloured non-Urban	Biophysical area	Main agricultural activities	
Metropolitan Area	2 561 721	1 235 424	48.2%	1 218 136	98.6%	17.5%	(12.6%)	WET	-------------	
Breede River District Council	281 094	197 068	70.1%	116 528	59.1%	23.3%	1.8%	WET	horticulture	
Winelands
 District Council	288 321	177 425	61.5%	119 643	67.4%	17.9%	4.8%	WET	horticulture 
dairy	
South Cape District Council	267 723	141 822	53,0%	112 525	79.3%	21.8%	7.8%	WET/ MOIST	horticulture 
dairy	
Overberg 
District Council	157 472	94 914	60.3%	50 367	53.1%	11.4%	6.5%	MOIST	grain 
horticulture	
West Coast District Council	232 068	168 061	72.4%	104 058	61.9%	14.1%	5.3%	MOIST/ ARID	grain
horticulture	
Klein Karoo District Council	113 858	87 692	77.0%	57 791	65.9%	32,0%	8.0%	ARID	stock farming
horticulture	
Central Karoo District Council	55 065	40 814	74.1%	30 172	73.9%	32.3%	5.8%	ARID	stock farming 	
Hantam 
District Council	40 940	33 280	81.3%	22 383	67.3%	37.1%	6.0%	ARID	stock farming	
Namaqualand District Council	72 800	59 600	81.9%	23 537	39.5%	30.2%	25.2%	ARID	stock farming	
Total region 
	        4 071 062	          2 236 100	               54,9%	       1 855 840	           83,0%					
Source: 1996 census data (unpublished)

An overview of the most important settlement types

There are four types of settlements in which the overwhelming majority of Coloured residents live. These are farmworker communities residing on commercial farm land, mission stations, towns in the region, and the Cape Metropolitan Area. The first three will be briefly described below.

Agriculture in the Cape Region has a wide production range and -- at least in the Wet and Moist areas -- a good resource base and a well-established infrastructure. During the last century, farm workers lived on 'family farms' - the White farm owner, his kin, and the resident Coloured farm workers and their families being bound together by the same language, religion and shared space. Though slowly changing to a more modern system, this paternalistic form of management still characterises most farms in the region.

Mission stations date from the nineteenth century and were established both by European – German and English – and latterly by South African missionaries. During the second half of the twentieth century, under apartheid policy, Coloureds were granted title to rural land in these areas. Though a measure of cultivation and stock-farming has been and continues to be practiced on mission stations, they are ‘little more than villages, or vast expanses of sparsely populated semi-desert areas … in the north-west…’. At the beginning of the 21st century, their total population is small and they are increasingly taking on the role of rural retirement villages. 

Towns in the region continue to reflect the consequences of apartheid's spatial policies. All fell into the Coloured Labour Preference region within which Black migrants were comprehensively excluded. At urban level, moreover, residential areas were spatially segregated on the basis of race. Though changes are taking place in a number of ways, this process is slow. The vast majority of Coloured urban residents live in 'Coloured' areas of the towns in which Black resident populations are small.

Table 5 contains recent population estimates within the four types of settlement. It is apparent that the majority of the population is urban (55% of the regional population in Cape Town and an additional 28% in towns) and that the number of mission station residents is comparatively small (15% on farms and 2% on mission stations) 

The nature of Coloured migration in the region.

The first question addressed in this section is whether the step-wise gravity flow migration profile identified in the region some thirty years ago has persisted. This will be done by identifying inflows and outflows between the four settlement types identified above: farmworker communities living on commercial farms, mission stations, towns in the Cape region, and the city itself. Two flow matrices – which enable net migration between these types of settlement to be calculated – will be presented. The first presents lifetime migration data and the second migration data over the past five years. In the first case, data refer to the total number of migrants; in the second, to average annual migration flows.

Data employed to construct these matrices were obtained from two recent surveys in the region. 1996 census information contains neither birthplace nor mission station settlement data and cannot therefore be used for this purpose. The flow matrices accordingly suffer from one weakness: no information regarding migration flows out of the Cape Region are available from survey data. Since 1996 census information does include data on last move migration, it is appropriate to begin with an assessment of net Coloured migration flows between this region and the rest of South Africa. These are presented in Table 6 for the Western Cape province .

Two pertinent points emerge from this Table. Migration flows into and out of the province were small in proportion to resident populations. In all cases, net migration flows were positive thereby confirming that the Western Cape was a net receiving area. It is highly probable that both these conditions persist and accordingly that data in the flow matrices below are not significantly affected by migration streams leaving the Cape region.

The lifetime migration flow matrix in Table 7 reveals a clear step-wise process of urbanisation. Flows into Cape Town total some 240 000 whilst outflows into the region are less than 25 000. Outflows into other provinces and to foreign destinations are probably of the same order. Flows into regional towns appear to follow this trend. The anomalous figure of 98 800 residents born in towns who migrated to farms is in all probability spurious since these survey data report on responses to the question: ‘Where was each person in this household born? Specify place name and type of area’. Most births by farmworker mothers take place in local urban clinics and hospitals.

Table 7
Flow Matrix
Estimated lifetime migration flows for Coloured residents in the Cape Region

Areas 			                   Areas where currently resident
where 
born		                 in 2000             in 2000               in 2000            in 1998

n(residents)=	Mission Station

655	Farm Worker community
796	Town

951	Cape Metro

1786	
Mission Station	---------------	     10 000	     3 100 	     2 800	
Farm Worker community	      1 760	---------------	    28 100	      37 300	
Town
	     4 850	     98 800	---------------	   142 500	
Cape Metro	      1 600	       5 000	      16 900	---------------	
Outside Cape  hinterland	     210
	      6 650	      7 500	   54 600 	
Sources: Surveys 1 & 2, 1996 census data.

The annual migration flow matrix in Table 8 refers to flows between the same areas for the period 1995 – 2000. A very different picture emerges. The major flow into Cape Town is from outside the region and regional outflows from the city balance regional inflows. In short, metropolitan urbanisation in the region has virtually stopped. Urbanisation toward regional towns on the other hand continues. Flows from farms and mission stations into regional towns are double those in the opposite direction. It appears accordingly that the metropolitan Coloured population and the non-metropolitan Coloured population are separating – this latter region no longer plays the role of hinterland within which Cape Town summons residents to migrate through promises of a better life.

Table 8
Flow Matrix
Estimated annual migration flows for Coloured households in the Cape Region
1995 – 2000.

Sending 					Receiving areas
areas

n (hhlds) =	Mission Station

38	Farm Worker community
54	Town

77	Cape Metro

54	
Mission Station	---------------	     470	      <50	     <50	
Farm Worker community	       170	---------------	     5 500	      <50	
Town
	     <50	     2 350	---------------	     800	
Cape Metro	      300	       <50	      650	---------------	
Outside Cape  hinterland	     <50	      850	      600	    3 400	
Sources: Surveys 1 & 2, 1996 census data.

In effect, over the past forty years, Coloured urbanisation in the Cape region appears to have taken place in two waves. The first may be described in terms of high migration streams aimed at Cape Town as final destination, a wave earlier defined as step-wise gravity flow. More recently, this has given way to urbanisation aimed at the non-metropolitan towns of the region. Cape Town and its Cape hinterland are separating. Further evidence and elaboration for these two waves are found in Tables 9, 10 and 11. In the first place, Coloured residents of Cape Town are significantly less mobile than their counterparts in the region (Table 10). Most Capetonians born outside the city moreover entered during the first wave. In the second place, a small but steady return migration flow, to both regional town and to mission station persists (Table 11) which probably represents the only real remaining ties sustaining a diminishing fund of social capital shared by metropolis and hinterland. In the third place, mobility among urban and rural residents in the region is high. More than one in three households currently living in a town has migrated at least once during the past five years, a proportion that rises to close to one in two among farmworker households.

The second question addressed in this section concerns the identification of subgroups within the population who are at risk of poverty. The high mobility of farmworker households alluded to above led the researchers to focus on this group. Tables 12 uses a number of indicators to compare five subgroups in terms of levels of living. Though income data from surveys are typically less than reliable, results suggest that farmworker households' cash income is significantly less than that of households in mission stations, towns or in Cape Town. Survey results also suggest that, on average, this disadvantage is carried over by the household when it moves from farm to town or mission station. Simultaneously, two facts that offset this handicap may be noted: farmworker households typically receive lodging at no cost on farms and, as reflected in the lower unemployment rates among men, these households are guaranteed at least one salary per family. In short, whilst appearing poorer than their counterparts in the Cape region, farmworker households are assured of a roof over their heads and of a regular income as long as they retain farm employment.

Retaining such employment however does not appear easy. More than two in five households changed employment in the past five years, most often in search of new employment (Table 13). Survey results also point to the majority of moves taking place between farms within the same District. In short, farmworkers circulate locally between farms in a given biophysical area. One in seven of these migrating households moreover was required to make a sudden move, largely through loss of work or as a result of eviction (Table 14), a proportion significantly higher than migrating households in towns. If the destination selected by these households was not a farm, it was a local town. As noted earlier, urbanisation of this nature is significant.  

Tables 15 and 16 compare the educational qualifications of both adults and children in the four settlement categories. Those of households who had lived and worked in the past on farms are included in this comparison. Adult farmworkers have comparatively exceedingly low qualifications - one in four have less than 3 years primary education and only one in fourteen matric. This profile improves significantly once the household relocates to town or mission station. A similar profile for schoolchildren emerges - 88% of all farmworker learners are in primary school (less than Grade 9), a proportion that is lower (82%) among learners who have relocated. Nonetheless the backlog among these relocated learners in town, city and mission station is apparent.

In short, though assured of a roof over their heads and a small regular income in the short term, farmworker households enjoy little security in their jobs. Labour turnover between farms is high and household mobility largely spatially restricted to districts. Both adults and children suffer from low educational qualifications. After moving to town, either voluntarily or through absence of choice, they do appear over time to be able to improve their levels of living though this process appears to be a slow one.

Conclusion.

Explanations for these shifts in migration patterns within the Coloured population in the Cape Region need to focus on two related questions. In the first place, why does the urbanisation process continue? This issue is particularly relevant in a population that has passed through its demographic transition and appears to be stabilising with low fertility and mortality rates. In the second place, why is the destination of this urbanisation process no longer the metropolitan area of Cape Town, but regional towns instead?

Let us begin with a series of economic and political 'push' factors in the rural sector. Commercial agriculture in the country as a whole has been shedding labour, unskilled labour in particular. Simultaneously, it has been recruiting skilled labour but on a smaller scale. Given its central place in national commercial agricultural production, these trends are certainly present in the Cape Region. In the second place, newly-passed labour and tenure legislation has accompanied this change and has led to farmers anticipating implementation by diminishing their on-farm workforces and promoting the recruitment of farm labour resident in neighbouring towns. Legislation includes The Unemployment Insurance Act (1993), The Labour Relations Act (1995), The Extension of Security of Tenure Act (1997), The Basic Conditions of Employment Act (1998) and The Employment Equity Act (1998). In the third place, though possibly cyclical in nature, most agricultural sectors in the Cape Region have been suffering from economic recession in the past few years. Changes in ownership often lead to a diminishment in farmworker families residing on farms.

'Pull' factors in the towns include a series of state housing projects offering qualifying low-income families once-off capital grants for the construction of a new tenured house. Incomes also appear more attractive and access to state grants and pensions easier in town and on mission station than on farms. In addition, decentralisation of earlier Cape Town-based agricultural processing activities into the region has added to the pool of potential work opportunities. Abattoirs and wine cellars are cases in point. 

Factors leading to the choice of a regional town rather than Cape Town as destination area include the following. Large migration in-flows of unskilled black households into Cape Town have taken place during the 1990s. As a result, income differentials (between the Coloured and black labour forces) as well as control over housing opportunities in informal settlements point to a much more difficult environment to access for unskilled Coloured households than was the case during the 1960 - 1980 period. Large municipal-led housing projects such as Mitchell's Plain alleviated the massive housing shortage of that time. Today, the shortage is of the same proportion and comprises the lowest income stratum of the metropolitan population and accordingly overwhelmingly black migrant households.

In short, the Town beckons more than the City since the Town offers better opportunities than the Farm and since the City suggests much more competition over such opportunities than the Town.

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Appendix 1	Tables

Table 1
Size and geographic distribution of the Coloured population during the twentieth century.

Year	Coloured population in South Africa (‘000)	% total Coloured population in pre-1994 Cape Province*	% total Coloured population in post-1994 Western Cape 	
1904	             445			
1936	             770	          88,57		
1946	             928	          89,34		
1951	          1 103	          89,03		
1960	          1 509	          88,14		
1970	          2 051	          87,23		
1980	          2 689	          82,81		
1996	          3 600	          	         59,60	
2000 est	          3 797			
Sources: Theron Kommissie, Cilliers & Groenewald, SSA 2000.
* An area which coincides, except for former homeland regions, with the areas of the contemporary provinces of Eastern, Northern and Western Cape.

Table 2
Proportion of the Coloured population that is urbanised, 1936 - 1999

Year	South Africa	Pre-1994 Cape Province	Post-1994 Western Cape	
1936	53,9	52,2		
1951	64,7	63,3		
1960	68,3	66,0		
1970	74,1	71,9		
1980	74,6	75,2		
1996	83,4		84,4	
1998	84,3		84,6	
1999	81,8		84,7	
Sources: Cilliers & Groenewald, Stats SA Report no.1 03-01-01 (1996); Data 1998 & 1999, OHS data bases for those years.

Table 4
Coloured Employment by industrial sector
% by rows	15-65 year olds, 1996

		Primary	Secondary	Tertiary	
Metropolitan Area		2.1	38.57	59.29
	
Breede River District Council		56.43	15.84	27.71	
Winelands District Council		30.43	28.54	41.24	
South Cape District Council		20.57	29.56	49.86	
Overberg District Council		44.89	19.39	35.7	
West Coast District Council		44.59	21.9	33.49	
Klein Karoo District Council		39.62	17.36	43.01	
Sentrale Karoo District Council		32.65	11.5	55.83	
Hantam District Council		40.81	8.9	50.28	
Namaqualand District Council		48.47	8.5	42.98	
Whole Cape
Region
		19.87	30.51	49.61	
Source: 1996 census
Table 5
Coloured residents in the Cape Region
Population estimates by types of settlement, 1996

District	urban	rural	mission station*	metropolitan	
Metro area				1 234 985	
Overberg	51 629	39 096	5 763	0	
Winelands	118 066	55 926	2 339	0	
Breede River	111 370	82 689	4 501	0	
West Coast	104 764	58 905	5 945	0	
South Cape	111 924	28 119	480	0	
Klein Karoo	56 172	26 093	4 882	0	
Central Karoo	30 211	11 108	0	0	
Hantam	23 630	10 334	0	0	
Namaqua	18 880	23 218	18 209	0	
total	626 646	335 488	42 119	
1 234 985	
Sources: 1996 census and mission station estimates	
*Unpublished information from District Councils of Klein Karoo, Namaqualand, Overberg, Winelands & West Coast 2000; Theron Kommissie report.

Table 6
Coloured migration flows between provinces - first 10 months, 1996

Western Cape	Out-migration
to other provinces	In-migration
from other provinces	Net migration	Net migration rate 
(% of resident population)	
Cape Town	2066	4165	+2099	0.17%
	
Other urban	521	1290	+ 769	0.12%
	
Non-urban	676	2262	+1586	0.47%
	
Total	3263	7717	+4454	0.16%
	
Source: Census 96 data

Table 9
Date of entry into the CMA
Coloured HoHs, 1998

Always in CMA	76,8%
	
1980 and earlier	12,0%
	
1981 - 1990	4,3%
	
Post 1990	3,7%
	
		Source: Survey 1					     n=349

Table 10
% Households which have migrated over past five years,
Coloureds in the Cape Region

	1993-98	1995-2000	1995-2000	1995-2000	
Current residence	CMA	Town	Farm	Mission Station	
Mobility rate over past five years
	14,3

n=356	37,9
(of which 8% came from farms)
n=240	43,3

n=180	25,0

n=180	
Source: Survey 1 & 2

Table 11
Return migration from the CMA,
Coloured individuals

	      Return to Town	Return to Mission Station	
Total number returned before 1995	            2 800	           2 600	
Returned 1995 – 2000
Total
Estimates per annum	
            2 800 
               450	
           1 200
              200	
Source: Survey 2

Table 12
Selected indicators for comparative levels of living,
Coloured households in Cape Town and its hinterland, 2000

	CMA
(for 1998)	Town	Mission Station	Farmworker
Households	Former FW in Town & MS	
Percapita income
(R)  	614
(unadjusted)	558	600	337	365
	
Mean 
Hhld size	5.1	3.9	3.6	4.7	4.2	
Unemploy rate
 –all workers	23	23	21	17	25	
- male workers	22	19	10	9	13
	
- female workers	23	29	38	28	39
	
Source: Survey 1 & 2

Table 13
Reasons for decision to migrate, all moves 2000
Cape Region, column percentages

Reasons for migrating	Town
households	Mission station
households	Farmworker 
households	
Found work at destination	23	21	61	
Other	77	79	39
	
n=	233	140	248	
Source: Survey 2

Table14
Reasons for decision to migrate, sudden moves 2000
Cape Region, column percentages

Was the move sudden?	If sudden, reasons ?	Resident in town	Resident in mission station	Resident on farm	
YES		9,5	4	16
	
	Lost job	                10	                 25           	                59	
	evicted	                25	                  -	                17	
	other	                65
              =100%	                  75
              =100%	                24 
              =100%	

NO		
90,5 =100%	
96=100%	
84=100%
	
n=		221	204	250	
Source: Survey 2

Table 15
Qualification of all Coloured adults (18+), 2000
Column %

Qualifications	CMA
(for 1998)	Town	Mission
Station	Farmworker households 	Former Farmworker households in town 
& mission stations 	
matric	24	14,8	9,5	7,4	24
	
Grade 9-11	30.3	30	32,6	14,1	21,5
	
Grade 3-8	39,8	44	43,6	58,6	50,9
	
Up to Grade 2	6	11,2	14,3	25,6	6
	
n=			1134		609		454		454		113	
Source: Survey 1 & 2

Table 16
Proportion of all schoolchildren in different grades,
Coloured learners 2000

	CMA
(for 1998)	Town	Mission Station	Farmworker households	Former Farmworker households in town 
& mission stations	
Matric	4	8	8	0.5	1 
	
Grades 9-11	20	23	25	11	16
	
Grades 3-8	52	51	47	60	62
	
Preprimary-Grade 2	24	18	20	28	20	
	100%	100%	100%	100%	100%	
n	445	249	144	211	69	
Source: Survey 1 & 2

Appendix 2   	Surveys

Survey 1: The first survey was conducted in the Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA). Sizes of samples in five settlement categories were 160 in former Black Group areas, 350 in former Coloured Group Areas, 199 in former White Group Areas, 234 in informal settlements, and 40 in hostels. A random sample of 25 (census) Enumerator Areas (EAs) falling within the CMA was drawn, and 40 households selected randomly within each EA. The survey took place in the second half of 1998 and was preceded by substantial qualitative work in the CMA. More details are found in Cross and Bekker 1999.

Survey 2: The second survey was conducted among the Coloured population in the Cape Region (as defined above), excluding the CMA. Sizes of samples in three settlement categories were 240 in towns, 180 on farms, and 180 on mission stations. Geographic distribution is given in tabular form below. A random aerial sample of 60 households was selected in each mission station and in (the former Coloured Group Area of) each town. Six farms were randomly identified in each selected farming area, and ten households randomly chosen on each farm. The survey took place in the second half of 2000. 

Spatial selection of survey areas

(Former) Districts	Town	(former) Mission Station	Farm worker area	
Karoo WC

		Zoar	De Rust area	
West Coast WC

	Vredendal			
Outeniqua/ Southern Cape WC
	Heidelberg		Riversdal/
Herold areas	
Winelands & Breede River WC
	Tulbach		Stellenbosch area	
Overberg WC

		Elim		
Northern Cape

	Calvinia	Steinkopf		

	4	3	3